Notes on Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I
See: Haplogroup I Subclade Analysis by Ken Nordtvedt
The Haplogroup I, I1, and I1a lineages are nearly completely restricted to northwestern Europe. These would most likely have been common within Viking populations. One lineage of this group extends down into central Europe. Source: FamilyTreeDNA:
If DYS19 = 14 and DYS392 = 11 then you are likely haplogroup I1a
Source Ken Nordtvedt http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/GENEALOGY-DNA/2004-06/1087663113
If I1a with ancestry in the British Isles and 22 at DYS390 then more likely Saxon origin.
If I1a and 23 at DYS390 then more likely Norse origin
Source Ken Nordtvedt http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/GENEALOGY-DNA/2004-06/1087663113
The ancestors of Haplogroup I (defined by the P19 and M170 genetic markers) arrived from the Middle East 20,000 to 25,000 years ago and are associated with the Gravettian culture. Gravettian is the second subdivision of the Upper Paleolithic technological phase in western Europe (from 27,000 to 21,000 years ago). Haplogroup I is most frequent in central Eastern Europe and also occurs in Basques and Sardinians.
Haplogroup "I" is found in Central and Eastern Europe, but also accounts for
almost all the HG2s in Northern Europe and the British Isles. Haplogroup "I" is
thought to stem from a group (Gravettian culture) that arrived in Europe from the Middle
East about 25,000 years ago. The Gravettian culture was "known for its Venus figurines,
shell jewellery, and for using mammoth bones to build homes".
Source: Mike Rutledge http://home.attbi.com/~rutledgedna/haplogroups.html#I:
Gravettian culture A phase (c.28,000-23,000 ya) of the European Upper Paleolithic that
is characterized by a stone-tool industry with small pointed blades used for big-game
hunting (bison, horse, reindeer and mammoth). It is divided into two regional groups: the
western Gravettian, mostly known from cave sites in France,
and the eastern Gravettian, with open sites of specialized mammoth hunters on the plains
of central Europe and Russia. Some early examples of cave art and
the famous 'Venus'
figurines were made by Gravettian artists.
Source: http://www.historytoday.com/index.cfm?articleid=1719
Notes on Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b
R1b (previously known as Hg1 and Eu18) is the most prolific haplogroup in Europe and its frequency changes in a cline from west (where it reaches a saturation point of almost 100% in areas of Western Ireland) to east (where it becomes uncommon in parts of Eastern Europe and virtually disappears beyond the Middle East). A R1b haplotype (a set of marker scores indicative of the haplogroup) is very difficult to interpret in that they are found at relatively high frequency in the areas where the Anglo - Saxon and Danish "invaders" originally called home (e.g., 55% in Friesland), and even up to 30% in Norway. Thus a R1b haplotype makes it very challenging to determine the origin of a family with this DNA signature.
During the Last Glacial Maximum, about 18,000 years ago, the people bearing the R1b haplogroup over wintered in Northern Spain (see map1). After the glacial retreat about 12,000 years before present, R1b began a migration to the north in large numbers (see map 2), and to the east in declining numbers.
R1b probably arrived in Spain from the east 30,000 years ago among the paleolithic or "old stone age" peoples considered to be aboriginal to Europe). It is believed that everyone who is R1b is a descendant in the male line from an individual known as "the patriarch" since his descendants account for over 40% of all the chromosomes of Europe. This haplogroup is characteristic of the Basques whose language is probably that of the first R1b, and who are genetically the closest to the original R1b population (which probably amounted to only a few thousand individuals). Source: Dr. David Faux http://www.davidkfaux.org/shetlandhaplogroupR1b
The members of R1b3 (or R-M269, formerly known as R1b) are believed to be the descendants of the first modern humans who entered Europe about 35,000-40,000 years ago ( Aurignacian culture). Those R1b3 forebearers were the people who painted the beautiful art in the caves in Spain and France. They were the modern humans who were the contemporaries - and perhaps exterminators - of the European Neanderthals. Source: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~dgarvey/DNA/RelGen/Underhill_2003_R1b3.html
Hg R was the dominant lineage in Western Europe and then, pushed south by the descending Ice Age, to southwestern France and northwestern Spain to evolve into lineage Hg R1b. This area became a refuge for humans in Europe during the coldest millennia of the last Ice Age. As the climate warmed, the scattered clan Hg R1b followed the migration of game to the north and some of them reached what is now the British Isles about 15,000 years ago which at this time was connected to mainland Europe. It is believed they changed from hunter-gatherers to farmers in southeastern Europe about 8,000 years ago and in Britain about 4,000 years ago. As hunter-gathers became farmer’s permanent settlements ended this great migration period and over time Hg R1b settled predominately in what is known today as Spain, Portugal, France, Belgium, Denmark, England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Source http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~staplessurname/before_surnames.htm
During the Last Glacial Maximum, R1b produced finely knapped stone 'leaf points' which define the Solutrean culture and were culturally distinct from the people in other European Ice Age refuges who are described more generally as Epi-Gravettian. Source: Oppenheimer, Stephen. The Real Eve, pp 249-50.
The mates for R1b, about the time of the Last Glacial Maximum,
were mtDNA haplogroups H and V. (Haplogroup V was born in the Basque area of the
Pyrenees shortly after the Last Glacial Maximum. Source: Oppenheimer, Stephen.
The Real Eve, p 251.)
R1b Subclade Analysis by Ken
Nordtvedt
Return to the Roberts Surname
DNA Project or the Sasser
Surname DNA Project or the Bahamas
DNA Project
Peter Roberts at peterebay@yahoo.com
Last Modified: 11th July, 2004